[Java] Add forward compatibility checks for unrecognized future MetadataVersion

We should have no need of these checks in theory, but they present a safeguard should some years in the future it became necessary to increment the MetadataVersion.

**Reporter**: [Bryan Cutler](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-9545) / @BryanCutler
#### Related issues:
- [[C++] Add forward compatibility checks for unrecognized future MetadataVersion](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/25479) (is a clone of)

_{**Note**: *This issue was originally created as [ARROW-9545](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-9545). Please see the [migration documentation](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/14542) for further details.*}

該 issue 提到了 Java MetadataVersion 的處理，但沒有指出檔案、測試或進入點。首先定位讀取或驗證 MetadataVersion 的 Java 程式碼，並與相關的 C++ issue 進行比較；當無法辨識的未來版本能夠被安全處理，並且有回歸測試涵蓋時，即視為完成。

由索引模型根據 Issue 內容生成。