[Java] Add forward compatibility checks for unrecognized future MetadataVersion

We should have no need of these checks in theory, but they present a safeguard should some years in the future it became necessary to increment the MetadataVersion.

**Reporter**: [Bryan Cutler](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-9545) / @BryanCutler
#### Related issues:
- [[C++] Add forward compatibility checks for unrecognized future MetadataVersion](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/25479) (is a clone of)

_{**Note**: *This issue was originally created as [ARROW-9545](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-9545). Please see the [migration documentation](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/14542) for further details.*}

A issue menciona o tratamento de Java MetadataVersion, mas não indica arquivos, testes ou pontos de entrada. Comece localizando o código Java que lê ou valida MetadataVersion e compare a issue relacionada de C++; o trabalho estará concluído quando versões futuras não reconhecidas forem tratadas com segurança e houver cobertura de regressão.

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