[Java] Add forward compatibility checks for unrecognized future MetadataVersion

We should have no need of these checks in theory, but they present a safeguard should some years in the future it became necessary to increment the MetadataVersion.

**Reporter**: [Bryan Cutler](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-9545) / @BryanCutler
#### Related issues:
- [[C++] Add forward compatibility checks for unrecognized future MetadataVersion](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/25479) (is a clone of)

_{**Note**: *This issue was originally created as [ARROW-9545](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-9545). Please see the [migration documentation](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/14542) for further details.*}

El issue menciona el manejo de Java MetadataVersion, pero no indica archivos, pruebas ni puntos de entrada. Empieza localizando el código Java que lee o valida MetadataVersion y compara el issue relacionado de C++; se considera terminado cuando las versiones futuras no reconocidas se gestionan de forma segura y existe cobertura de regresión.

Escrito por el modelo de indexación a partir del texto del issue.