[Java] Add forward compatibility checks for unrecognized future MetadataVersion

We should have no need of these checks in theory, but they present a safeguard should some years in the future it became necessary to increment the MetadataVersion.

**Reporter**: [Bryan Cutler](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-9545) / @BryanCutler
#### Related issues:
- [[C++] Add forward compatibility checks for unrecognized future MetadataVersion](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/25479) (is a clone of)

_{**Note**: *This issue was originally created as [ARROW-9545](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-9545). Please see the [migration documentation](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/14542) for further details.*}

该 issue 提到了 Java MetadataVersion 的处理，但没有指出文件、测试或入口点。首先定位读取或验证 MetadataVersion 的 Java 代码，并与相关的 C++ issue 进行比较；当无法识别的未来版本能够被安全处理，并且有回归测试覆盖时，即视为完成。

由索引模型根据 Issue 内容生成。