[Java] Enhance Parameterized tests following JUnit improvements

### Describe the enhancement requested

We need to implement some tests after resolving the following issue:

- https://github.com/junit-team/junit5/issues/878

The list is as follows:

- `adapter` module
- https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/42038#discussion_r1632070214
- `algorithm` module
- https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/42029#discussion_r1633208511
- `flight` module
- https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/42158#discussion_r1644464180

### Component(s)

Java

Start by reviewing JUnit issue 878 and the referenced Apache Arrow discussions for the adapter, algorithm, and flight modules. Identify the parameterized-test changes requested in those discussions, then add the tests after issue 878 is resolved and verify all three modules' test suites pass.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.