[FlightRPC][C++][Python] Header-based auth in servers

Add support for a middleware that executes header-based authorization to C++ and Python servers.

The design should be such that a Flight server can validate incoming headers then generate a peer identity and write outgoing headers in response to the request.

Provide an implementation using Basic authentication.

**Reporter**: [James Duong](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-10488) / @jduo

_{**Note**: *This issue was originally created as [ARROW-10488](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-10488). Please see the [migration documentation](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/14542) for further details.*}

No files or tests are named. Start by locating the C++ and Python Flight server middleware entry points, then trace how incoming and outgoing headers and peer identity are handled. Done means both servers support header validation, peer-identity generation, response headers, and a Basic authentication implementation.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.