bug(Datepicker): Datepicker with Moment ignores locale

### Is this a regression?

- [X] Yes, this behavior used to work in the previous version

### The previous version in which this bug was not present was

16

### Description

Since updating to Angular 17, my mat-datepicker ignores my locale. Everything should be in German but instead it's all in English now.

### Reproduction

StackBlitz link: https://components-issue-uudyxr.stackblitz.io
Steps to reproduce:
1. Open the datepicker to select a date
2. Select a year and a month

### Expected Behavior

The months are displayed in German (screenshot taken from production environment that doesn't have the update to Angular 17 yet).


### Actual Behavior

The months are displayed in English


### Environment

- Angular: 17.0.6
- CDK/Material: 17.0.3
- Browser(s): Chrome
- Operating System (e.g. Windows, macOS, Ubuntu): Windows 11

从链接的 StackBlitz 复现开始，检查使用 Moment 和德语 locale 配置的 mat-datepicker。比较 Angular 16 与 Angular 17 之间的行为，然后跟踪 datepicker 的 locale 处理，以确定月份名称为何会回退为英语。完成的标准是：升级后复现能够显示德语月份名称，并且该回归问题已由项目相关测试覆盖。

由索引模型根据 Issue 内容生成。