[Java][CI] Add testing to current java-jars builds and extend to JDK 11 and 17

As discussed on when we execute the crossbow build to the java-jars task we are not testing the built jars. Currently we are also only building the jars for JDK 1.8. We should both:
- Run Java tests over the built jars
- Build jars for other JDKs supported (11 and 17)

 

**Reporter**: [Raúl Cumplido](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-16640) / @raulcd

_{**Note**: *This issue was originally created as [ARROW-16640](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-16640). Please see the [migration documentation](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/14542) for further details.*}

Comienza con la tarea crossbow java-jars y su configuración de compilación actual de JDK 1.8; después, sigue cómo se invocan las pruebas de Java sobre los jars compilados. La tarea estará terminada cuando pruebe los jars generados y produzca compilaciones para JDK 1.8, 11 y 17.

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