[Java] BaseVariableWidthVector only supports 1 GiB through safe interfaces

### Describe the bug, including details regarding any error messages, version, and platform.

https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/13815 fixed an issue with a misleading error caused by going over the 2GiB limit of a variable width vector, but it also introduced a 1 GiB limit when using the safe interfaces. Basically whenever you try to add data beyond 1 GiB, the vector will try to double itself to the next power of two, which would be 2147483648, which is greater than Integer.MAX_VALUE which is 2147483647, thus throwing a OversizedAllocationException. This effectively limits the total size allowed in the buffer to 1 GiB, even though it should only really be bound by the max offset being less than Integer.MAX_VALUE.

See https://github.com/apache/spark/pull/39572#issuecomment-1383195213 and the comment above it for how I could recreate the issue.

### Component(s)

Java

使用链接的 Apache Spark 讨论中描述的场景重现 1 GiB 故障，然后跟踪 BaseVariableWidthVector 及其安全接口中的容量增长。当可变宽度数据能够增长到超过 1 GiB，而不会尝试进行无效的 2 GiB 分配，同时仍遵守 Integer.MAX_VALUE 偏移量限制时，修复即告完成；为此边界添加回归测试。

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