Cannot set custom global ErrorStateMatcher for lazy loaded modules

#### Bug, feature request, or proposal:
Bug

#### What is the expected behavior?
There should be ability to override ErrorStateMatcher for the whole application

#### What is the current behavior?
`@NgModule({
providers: [
{provide: ErrorStateMatcher, useClass: CustomErrorStateMatcher}
]
})`

CustomErrorStateMatcher being provided in the application root module aren't applied inside of lazy loaded modules. Thus it is necessary to duplicate providing of custom error state matcher in every lazy loaded module.

#### What is the use-case or motivation for changing an existing behavior?
It is reasonable to have ability to override error state matcher bahavior for the whole app no matter it consists of lazy or non-lazy modules

#### Which versions of Angular, Material, OS, TypeScript, browsers are affected?
Angular 5.1.3
Material 5.2.2

まず、Angular 5.1.3 と Material 5.2.2 で、示されている ErrorStateMatcher provider の設定を再現し、root モジュールと lazy-loaded モジュールを比較します。各モジュールでカスタム matcher がどのように解決されるかを追跡します。アプリケーション全体の matcher が provider を重複させることなく lazy-loaded モジュール内で適用されれば完了です。

索引モデルが issue の本文から書いたものです。