[Bug] HTTP lookup could return non-retryable error when connecting through proxy

### Search before asking

- [X] I searched in the [issues](https://github.com/apache/pulsar-client-cpp/issues) and found nothing similar.

### Version

- Pulsar: 3.1.0
- Client: main (https://github.com/apache/pulsar-client-cpp/commit/bb16f24bb68699c15eddba3163cfbef0b1282ebf)

### Minimal reproduce step

Run the `testMultiAddresses` with a proxy.

```bash
export http_proxy=http://localhost:7890
./tests/pulsar-tests --gtest_filter='Look*Multi*'
```

### What did you expect to see?

The test passed.

### What did you see instead?

```
3-11-13 10:35:16.850 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:226 | Curl [1] Lookup Request sent for http://localhost:8080/lookup/v2/topic/persistent/public/default/topic
2023-11-13 10:35:16.863 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:242 | Response received for url http://localhost:8080/lookup/v2/topic/persistent/public/default/topic responseCode 200 curl res 0
2023-11-13 10:35:16.863 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:336 | parseLookupData = { LookupDataResult [brokerUrl_ = pulsar://127.0.0.1:6650] [brokerUrlTls_ = ] [partitions = 0] [authoritative = 0] [redirect = 0] proxyThroughServiceUrl = 0] }
2023-11-13 10:35:16.863 INFO [0x1ff929e00] LookupServiceTest:115 | getBroker [0] Ok, logical address: pulsar://127.0.0.1:6650, physical address: pulsar://127.0.0.1:6650
2023-11-13 10:35:16.863 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:226 | Curl [1] Lookup Request sent for http://localhost:9999/lookup/v2/topic/persistent/public/default/topic
2023-11-13 10:35:16.866 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:242 | Response received for url http://localhost:9999/lookup/v2/topic/persistent/public/default/topic responseCode 502 curl res 22
2023-11-13 10:35:16.866 ERROR [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:264 | Response failed for url http://localhost:9999/lookup/v2/topic/persistent/public/default/topic. Error Code 22
2023-11-13 10:35:16.866 INFO [0x1ff929e00] LookupServiceTest:115 | getBroker [1] ConnectError, logical address: , physical address:
2023-11-13 10:35:16.866 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:226 | Curl [1] Lookup Request sent for http://localhost:8080/lookup/v2/topic/persistent/public/default/topic
2023-11-13 10:35:16.871 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:242 | Response received for url http://localhost:8080/lookup/v2/topic/persistent/public/default/topic responseCode 200 curl res 0
2023-11-13 10:35:16.871 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:336 | parseLookupData = { LookupDataResult [brokerUrl_ = pulsar://127.0.0.1:6650] [brokerUrlTls_ = ] [partitions = 0] [authoritative = 0] [redirect = 0] proxyThroughServiceUrl = 0] }
2023-11-13 10:35:16.872 INFO [0x1ff929e00] LookupServiceTest:115 | getBroker [2] Ok, logical address: pulsar://127.0.0.1:6650, physical address: pulsar://127.0.0.1:6650
2023-11-13 10:35:16.872 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:226 | Curl [1] Lookup Request sent for http://localhost:9999/lookup/v2/topic/persistent/public/default/topic
2023-11-13 10:35:16.876 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:242 | Response received for url http://localhost:9999/lookup/v2/topic/persistent/public/default/topic responseCode 502 curl res 22
2023-11-13 10:35:16.876 ERROR [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:264 | Response failed for url http://localhost:9999/lookup/v2/topic/persistent/public/default/topic. Error Code 22
2023-11-13 10:35:16.876 INFO [0x1ff929e00] LookupServiceTest:115 | getBroker [3] ConnectError, logical address: , physical address:
2023-11-13 10:35:16.877 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:226 | Curl [1] Lookup Request sent for http://localhost:8080/lookup/v2/topic/persistent/public/default/topic
2023-11-13 10:35:16.880 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:242 | Response received for url http://localhost:8080/lookup/v2/topic/persistent/public/default/topic responseCode 200 curl res 0
2023-11-13 10:35:16.880 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:336 | parseLookupData = { LookupDataResult [brokerUrl_ = pulsar://127.0.0.1:6650] [brokerUrlTls_ = ] [partitions = 0] [authoritative = 0] [redirect = 0] proxyThroughServiceUrl = 0] }
2023-11-13 10:35:16.880 INFO [0x1ff929e00] LookupServiceTest:115 | getBroker [4] Ok, logical address: pulsar://127.0.0.1:6650, physical address: pulsar://127.0.0.1:6650
2023-11-13 10:35:16.880 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:226 | Curl [1] Lookup Request sent for http://localhost:9999/lookup/v2/topic/persistent/public/default/topic
2023-11-13 10:35:16.883 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:242 | Response received for url http://localhost:9999/lookup/v2/topic/persistent/public/default/topic responseCode 502 curl res 22
2023-11-13 10:35:16.883 ERROR [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:264 | Response failed for url http://localhost:9999/lookup/v2/topic/persistent/public/default/topic. Error Code 22
2023-11-13 10:35:16.883 INFO [0x1ff929e00] LookupServiceTest:115 | getBroker [5] ConnectError, logical address: , physical address:
/Users/xuyunze/github.com/bewaremypower/pulsar-client-cpp/tests/LookupServiceTest.cc:108: Failure
Expected equality of these values:
std::count(results.cbegin(), results.cend(), ResultRetryable)
Which is: 0
numRequests / 2
Which is: 3

2023-11-13 10:35:16.883 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:226 | Curl [1] Lookup Request sent for http://localhost:8080/admin/v2/persistent/public/default/topic/partitions?checkAllowAutoCreation=true
2023-11-13 10:35:16.886 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:242 | Response received for url http://localhost:8080/admin/v2/persistent/public/default/topic/partitions?checkAllowAutoCreation=true responseCode 200 curl res 0
2023-11-13 10:35:16.886 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:301 | parsePartitionData = { LookupDataResult [brokerUrl_ = ] [brokerUrlTls_ = ] [partitions = 0] [authoritative = 0] [redirect = 0] proxyThroughServiceUrl = 0] }
2023-11-13 10:35:16.886 INFO [0x1ff929e00] LookupServiceTest:124 | getPartitionMetadataAsync [0] Ok
2023-11-13 10:35:16.886 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:226 | Curl [1] Lookup Request sent for http://localhost:9999/admin/v2/persistent/public/default/topic/partitions?checkAllowAutoCreation=true
2023-11-13 10:35:16.893 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:242 | Response received for url http://localhost:9999/admin/v2/persistent/public/default/topic/partitions?checkAllowAutoCreation=true responseCode 502 curl res 22
2023-11-13 10:35:16.893 ERROR [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:264 | Response failed for url http://localhost:9999/admin/v2/persistent/public/default/topic/partitions?checkAllowAutoCreation=true. Error Code 22
2023-11-13 10:35:16.893 INFO [0x1ff929e00] LookupServiceTest:124 | getPartitionMetadataAsync [1] ConnectError
2023-11-13 10:35:16.893 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:226 | Curl [1] Lookup Request sent for http://localhost:8080/admin/v2/persistent/public/default/topic/partitions?checkAllowAutoCreation=true
2023-11-13 10:35:16.896 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:242 | Response received for url http://localhost:8080/admin/v2/persistent/public/default/topic/partitions?checkAllowAutoCreation=true responseCode 200 curl res 0
2023-11-13 10:35:16.896 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:301 | parsePartitionData = { LookupDataResult [brokerUrl_ = ] [brokerUrlTls_ = ] [partitions = 0] [authoritative = 0] [redirect = 0] proxyThroughServiceUrl = 0] }
2023-11-13 10:35:16.896 INFO [0x1ff929e00] LookupServiceTest:124 | getPartitionMetadataAsync [2] Ok
2023-11-13 10:35:16.897 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:226 | Curl [1] Lookup Request sent for http://localhost:9999/admin/v2/persistent/public/default/topic/partitions?checkAllowAutoCreation=true
2023-11-13 10:35:16.899 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:242 | Response received for url http://localhost:9999/admin/v2/persistent/public/default/topic/partitions?checkAllowAutoCreation=true responseCode 502 curl res 22
2023-11-13 10:35:16.899 ERROR [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:264 | Response failed for url http://localhost:9999/admin/v2/persistent/public/default/topic/partitions?checkAllowAutoCreation=true. Error Code 22
2023-11-13 10:35:16.899 INFO [0x1ff929e00] LookupServiceTest:124 | getPartitionMetadataAsync [3] ConnectError
2023-11-13 10:35:16.899 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:226 | Curl [1] Lookup Request sent for http://localhost:8080/admin/v2/persistent/public/default/topic/partitions?checkAllowAutoCreation=true
2023-11-13 10:35:16.903 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:242 | Response received for url http://localhost:8080/admin/v2/persistent/public/default/topic/partitions?checkAllowAutoCreation=true responseCode 200 curl res 0
2023-11-13 10:35:16.903 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:301 | parsePartitionData = { LookupDataResult [brokerUrl_ = ] [brokerUrlTls_ = ] [partitions = 0] [authoritative = 0] [redirect = 0] proxyThroughServiceUrl = 0] }
2023-11-13 10:35:16.903 INFO [0x1ff929e00] LookupServiceTest:124 | getPartitionMetadataAsync [4] Ok
2023-11-13 10:35:16.904 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:226 | Curl [1] Lookup Request sent for http://localhost:9999/admin/v2/persistent/public/default/topic/partitions?checkAllowAutoCreation=true
2023-11-13 10:35:16.907 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:242 | Response received for url http://localhost:9999/admin/v2/persistent/public/default/topic/partitions?checkAllowAutoCreation=true responseCode 502 curl res 22
2023-11-13 10:35:16.907 ERROR [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:264 | Response failed for url http://localhost:9999/admin/v2/persistent/public/default/topic/partitions?checkAllowAutoCreation=true. Error Code 22
2023-11-13 10:35:16.907 INFO [0x1ff929e00] LookupServiceTest:124 | getPartitionMetadataAsync [5] ConnectError
/Users/xuyunze/github.com/bewaremypower/pulsar-client-cpp/tests/LookupServiceTest.cc:108: Failure
Expected equality of these values:
std::count(results.cbegin(), results.cend(), ResultRetryable)
Which is: 0
numRequests / 2
Which is: 3

2023-11-13 10:35:16.907 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:226 | Curl [1] Lookup Request sent for http://localhost:8080/admin/v2/namespaces/public/default/topics?mode=PERSISTENT
2023-11-13 10:35:16.917 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:242 | Response received for url http://localhost:8080/admin/v2/namespaces/public/default/topics?mode=PERSISTENT responseCode 200 curl res 0
2023-11-13 10:35:16.917 INFO [0x1ff929e00] LookupServiceTest:136 | getTopicsOfNamespaceAsync [0] Ok
2023-11-13 10:35:16.917 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:226 | Curl [1] Lookup Request sent for http://localhost:9999/admin/v2/namespaces/public/default/topics?mode=PERSISTENT
2023-11-13 10:35:16.919 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:242 | Response received for url http://localhost:9999/admin/v2/namespaces/public/default/topics?mode=PERSISTENT responseCode 502 curl res 22
2023-11-13 10:35:16.919 ERROR [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:264 | Response failed for url http://localhost:9999/admin/v2/namespaces/public/default/topics?mode=PERSISTENT. Error Code 22
2023-11-13 10:35:16.919 INFO [0x1ff929e00] LookupServiceTest:136 | getTopicsOfNamespaceAsync [1] ConnectError
2023-11-13 10:35:16.919 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:226 | Curl [1] Lookup Request sent for http://localhost:8080/admin/v2/namespaces/public/default/topics?mode=PERSISTENT
2023-11-13 10:35:16.928 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:242 | Response received for url http://localhost:8080/admin/v2/namespaces/public/default/topics?mode=PERSISTENT responseCode 200 curl res 0
2023-11-13 10:35:16.929 INFO [0x1ff929e00] LookupServiceTest:136 | getTopicsOfNamespaceAsync [2] Ok
2023-11-13 10:35:16.929 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:226 | Curl [1] Lookup Request sent for http://localhost:9999/admin/v2/namespaces/public/default/topics?mode=PERSISTENT
2023-11-13 10:35:16.930 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:242 | Response received for url http://localhost:9999/admin/v2/namespaces/public/default/topics?mode=PERSISTENT responseCode 502 curl res 22
2023-11-13 10:35:16.931 ERROR [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:264 | Response failed for url http://localhost:9999/admin/v2/namespaces/public/default/topics?mode=PERSISTENT. Error Code 22
2023-11-13 10:35:16.931 INFO [0x1ff929e00] LookupServiceTest:136 | getTopicsOfNamespaceAsync [3] ConnectError
2023-11-13 10:35:16.931 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:226 | Curl [1] Lookup Request sent for http://localhost:8080/admin/v2/namespaces/public/default/topics?mode=PERSISTENT
2023-11-13 10:35:16.936 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:242 | Response received for url http://localhost:8080/admin/v2/namespaces/public/default/topics?mode=PERSISTENT responseCode 200 curl res 0
2023-11-13 10:35:16.936 INFO [0x1ff929e00] LookupServiceTest:136 | getTopicsOfNamespaceAsync [4] Ok
2023-11-13 10:35:16.936 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:226 | Curl [1] Lookup Request sent for http://localhost:9999/admin/v2/namespaces/public/default/topics?mode=PERSISTENT
2023-11-13 10:35:16.938 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:242 | Response received for url http://localhost:9999/admin/v2/namespaces/public/default/topics?mode=PERSISTENT responseCode 502 curl res 22
2023-11-13 10:35:16.938 ERROR [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:264 | Response failed for url http://localhost:9999/admin/v2/namespaces/public/default/topics?mode=PERSISTENT. Error Code 22
2023-11-13 10:35:16.938 INFO [0x1ff929e00] LookupServiceTest:136 | getTopicsOfNamespaceAsync [5] ConnectError
/Users/xuyunze/github.com/bewaremypower/pulsar-client-cpp/tests/LookupServiceTest.cc:108: Failure
Expected equality of these values:
std::count(results.cbegin(), results.cend(), ResultRetryable)
Which is: 0
numRequests / 2
Which is: 3
```

### Anything else?

As you can see, the root cause is `libcurl` returns error code 22 when connecting through proxy.

```
2023-11-13 10:35:16.866 INFO [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:242 | Response received for url http://localhost:9999/lookup/v2/topic/persistent/public/default/topic responseCode 502 curl res 22
2023-11-13 10:35:16.866 ERROR [0x16f0a3000] HTTPLookupService:264 | Response failed for url http://localhost:9999/lookup/v2/topic/persistent/public/default/topic. Error Code 22
2023-11-13 10:35:16.866 INFO [0x1ff929e00] LookupServiceTest:115 | getBroker [1] ConnectError, logical address: , physical address:
```

The error code is 22

> This is returned if [CURLOPT_FAILONERROR](https://curl.se/libcurl/c/CURLOPT_FAILONERROR.html) is set TRUE and the HTTP server returns an error code that is >= 400.

See https://curl.se/libcurl/c/libcurl-errors.html

We should not treat it as non-retryable errors.

### Are you willing to submit a PR?

- [X] I'm willing to submit a PR!

tests/LookupServiceTest.cc から始め、特に testMultiAddresses と ResultRetryable 周辺のアサーションを確認してください。示されている http_proxy 設定と gtest フィルターで失敗を再現し、その後、HTTPLookupService が報告する HTTP lookup 応答の処理を追跡してください。プロキシの失敗が期待される retryable 結果を受け取り、成功する lookup が引き続きパスすれば完了です。

索引モデルが issue の本文から書いたものです。