Eliminate more outer joins by supporting more expressions

### Is your feature request related to a problem or challenge?

This PR by @JasonLi-cn tried to support more pushdown of filters https://github.com/apache/datafusion/pull/13184 , however the implementation wasn't 100% right as it pushed down more predicates, but didn't change the join type (left to inner).

### Describe the solution you'd like

Add support for a wider range of expressions in `EliminateOuterJoin`, notably in `extract_non_nullable_columns`.
We lack support of more complex nested expressions, quite some binary operators, UDFs etc. such as:

* `abs(x) > 1`
* `a + a` > `c + b`

We should aim to support any operator that returns null when the input value is null (most binary / unary operators).

### Describe alternatives you've considered

_No response_

### Additional context

_No response_

从 EliminateOuterJoin 优化器规则开始，重点关注 extract_non_nullable_columns，并审查 PR #13184 中现有的下推行为。完成的标准是支持所描述的嵌套表达式、二元运算符以及对 null 输入返回 null 的 UDFs，并在谓词允许时正确更改连接类型。

由索引模型根据 Issue 内容生成。