[Java] Handle exceptions when flight service processes put requests

The current way of processing is to swallow the exception silently and print a log. However, this way is not friendly to debugging and problem diagnosis. We need a way to process it explicitly. 

**Reporter**: [Liya Fan](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-6056) / @liyafan82

_{**Note**: *This issue was originally created as [ARROW-6056](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-6056). Please see the [migration documentation](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/14542) for further details.*}

首先定位处理 put 请求的 Java Flight 服务入口点，以及当前捕获并记录异常的路径。根据周围服务的行为确定预期的显式处理方式；当异常不再被静默吞掉，且产生的行为由项目现有的检查覆盖时，即表示完成。

由索引模型根据 Issue 内容生成。