[Java] Find a proper way to test VM options (share system property between Main/Test code)

### Describe the enhancement requested

Java Test code and Java Main code cannot share system property variables.

The current workaround is to use reflection on unit testing code to override main code system properties.

We need a complete solution that covers JDK17+ Java versions without reflection access to test for example `System.getProperty(DEBUG_ALLOCATOR)` at https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/main/java/memory/memory-core/src/main/java/org/apache/arrow/memory/BaseAllocator.java#L52

### Component(s)

Java

從 java/memory/memory-core/src/main/java/org/apache/arrow/memory/BaseAllocator.java 開始，尤其調查對 DEBUG_ALLOCATOR system property 的存取。調查 Java Main 和測試程式碼目前如何在 JDK 17+ 上接收 system properties，以及為什麼需要 reflection workaround。完成的標準是提供一個完整的非 reflection 解決方案，讓測試能夠執行相關的 VM options。

由索引模型根據 Issue 內容生成。