Expose overlay options on overlay-based material components

For many overlay-based components, we only expose a subset of the cdk/overlay positioning features. We could short-circuit a lot of feature requests if we made it possible to directly provide overlay configuration options for these components.

We would have to double-check that none of the overlay options are actually bad/impossible for any single overlay-based material component.

No files or tests are named. Start by inventorying the overlay-based Material components and the CDK overlay positioning options they currently expose, then check whether each option is valid for every component. Done means agreeing on the supported configuration surface and exposing it consistently without incompatible options.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.