Increased CPU utilization after upgrading from Node.js v20.20.0 to v22.x

Version

v22.22.0 / v22.22.2 / 24.15.0

Platform

Oracle Linux 8 latest

Subsystem

No response

What steps will reproduce the bug?

1. Run workload on Node.js v20.20.0 → CPU ~68–70%
2. Upgrade to Node.js v22.22.x or 24.15.0
3. Run identical workload (same TPS, config)
4. Observe CPU increase (~86–88%)
5. Revert to v20 → CPU returns to baseline

How often does it reproduce? Is there a required condition?

consistently 100% reproducable

What is the expected behavior? Why is that the expected behavior?

no bigger than 5% CPU degradation

What do you see instead?

20% CPU degradation

Additional information

We are observing a significant increase in CPU utilization after upgrading our runtime from Node.js v20.20.0 → v22.x (22.22.x), with no application-level changes.

A/B testing strongly indicates the regression is tied to the Node.js runtime upgrade rather than application logic.

Impact

• ~20% relative CPU increase observed
• Consistent across multiple test runs
• No functional regression, but clear performance degradation

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Environment

• Node.js versions:
  • v20.20.0 (baseline)
  • v22.22.0 / v22.22.2
• Workload:
  • High-throughput service (~17–18K TPS)
  • Distributed/multi-node setup
• Runtime flags:
  • --max-semi-space-size=256
  • --max-old-space-size=3072

---

Observed Behavior

Scenario	Node Version	CPU Utilization
Baseline	v20.20.0	~68–70%
Upgraded runtime	v22.22.x	~86–88%
v22.x + --max-semi-space-size=16	v22.22.x	~88%
Reverted runtime	v20.20.0	~68%

---

Key Findings

1. Strong correlation with Node.js version

   • Reverting v22 → v20 reduces CPU by ~12–20%
   • No application changes between runs

2. Memory tuning did not help

   • Adjusting --max-semi-space-size showed no improvement
   • Lower values increased GC frequency without reducing CPU

3. Latest v22 versions do not fix the issue

   • Testing with v22.22.2 shows same behavior

4. Maglev likely not the cause

   • Disabled by default in Node ≥22.9.0
   • Issue persists on versions where Maglev is disabled

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What Was Ruled Out

• Application-level regression
• Load/TPS variation
• GC tuning via semi-space adjustments
• Early v22-only issues

---

Suspected Cause

Likely related to runtime-level changes introduced in Node.js v22, such as:

• V8 upgrade (v11.x → v12.x)
• JIT execution changes
• GC or memory management differences
• libuv / stream internal changes

---

Reproduction Steps (High-level)

1. Run workload on Node.js v20.20.0 → CPU ~68–70%
2. Upgrade to Node.js v22.22.x
3. Run identical workload (same TPS, config)
4. Observe CPU increase (~86–88%)
5. Revert to v20 → CPU returns to baseline

---

Additional Notes

• No explicit Node.js release notes mention this regression
• Issue is reproducible under high throughput
• Not observed in lower TPS environments (≤5–7K TPS)

##Questions##

• Are there known CPU regressions or behavior changes in Node.js v22 / V8 12.x?
• Are there recommended runtime flags or GC tuning options for high-throughput workloads in v22?
• Any guidance on mitigating CPU increase when upgrading from v20 → v22?
• Will an upgrade to the latest available version of Node.js v26 fix this issue?

Bắt đầu bằng cách tái hiện workload thông lượng cao đã được báo cáo trên Node.js v20.20.0 và v22.22.x dưới Oracle Linux 8 với các memory flag được liệt kê, giữ TPS và cấu hình giống hệt nhau. So sánh mức sử dụng CPU và ghi lại một workload tối thiểu, có thể tái hiện, hoặc cô lập thay đổi runtime chịu trách nhiệm; issue không nêu tên file mã nguồn hay test nào.