[CI] JNI jobs fail to install archery due to old Python version on images

### Describe the bug, including details regarding any error messages, version, and platform.

Some of the JNI jobs are failing:

Example:

https://github.com/apache/arrow-java/actions/runs/18299702972/job/52105015738

with:

```
Install Archery
Obtaining file:///arrow/dev/archery
Preparing metadata (setup.py): started
Preparing metadata (setup.py): finished with status 'error'
error: subprocess-exited-with-error

× python setup.py egg_info did not run successfully.
│ exit code: 1
╰─> [1 lines of output]
Python < 3.10 is not supported
[end of output]

note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.

Notice: A new release of pip is available: 24.2 -> 25.2
Notice: To update, run: python -m pip install --upgrade pip
error: metadata-generation-failed

× Encountered error while generating package metadata.
╰─> See above for output.

note: This is an issue with the package mentioned above, not pip.
hint: See above for details.
```

Comece pelos jobs JNI e pela configuração de imagem ou workflow do GitHub Actions correspondente; em seguida, inspecione a execução da action vinculada para identificar qual ambiente instala o Archery. Verifique a versão do Python usada por cada job que falha e atualize a configuração de CI relevante para que o Archery seja instalado com sucesso; a tarefa estará concluída quando os jobs JNI passarem pela etapa de instalação do Archery.

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