[CI] JNI jobs fail to install archery due to old Python version on images

### Describe the bug, including details regarding any error messages, version, and platform.

Some of the JNI jobs are failing:

Example:

https://github.com/apache/arrow-java/actions/runs/18299702972/job/52105015738

with:

```
Install Archery
Obtaining file:///arrow/dev/archery
Preparing metadata (setup.py): started
Preparing metadata (setup.py): finished with status 'error'
error: subprocess-exited-with-error

× python setup.py egg_info did not run successfully.
│ exit code: 1
╰─> [1 lines of output]
Python < 3.10 is not supported
[end of output]

note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.

Notice: A new release of pip is available: 24.2 -> 25.2
Notice: To update, run: python -m pip install --upgrade pip
error: metadata-generation-failed

× Encountered error while generating package metadata.
╰─> See above for output.

note: This is an issue with the package mentioned above, not pip.
hint: See above for details.
```

Commencez par les jobs JNI et leur configuration d’image ou de workflow GitHub Actions, puis examinez l’exécution de l’action liée afin d’identifier quel environnement installe Archery. Vérifiez la version de Python utilisée par chaque job en échec et mettez à jour la configuration CI concernée afin qu’Archery s’installe correctement ; le travail est terminé lorsque les jobs JNI réussissent leur étape d’installation d’Archery.

Rédigé par le modèle d'indexation à partir du texte de l'issue.