[Java] Add checker framework to java build and enable clean run of null analysis

This is likely a large task.  We should probably separate it out into subtasks:

1.  Add checker framework so it is incorporated but does not fail the build.

2.  Cleanup issues it finds (likely by module)

3.  Enable full checking.

**Reporter**: [Micah Kornfield](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-4742) / @emkornfield

_{**Note**: *This issue was originally created as [ARROW-4742](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-4742). Please see the [migration documentation](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/14542) for further details.*}

首先检查 Java 构建配置以及 issue 中提出的三个子任务。先确定如何集成 Checker Framework 而不导致构建失败，然后按模块跟踪清理工作，再启用完整的 null 分析。完成的标准是：启用完整检查后，Java 构建能够干净地完成。

由索引模型根据 Issue 内容生成。