[Java] Add checker framework to java build and enable clean run of null analysis

This is likely a large task.  We should probably separate it out into subtasks:

1.  Add checker framework so it is incorporated but does not fail the build.

2.  Cleanup issues it finds (likely by module)

3.  Enable full checking.

**Reporter**: [Micah Kornfield](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-4742) / @emkornfield

_{**Note**: *This issue was originally created as [ARROW-4742](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-4742). Please see the [migration documentation](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/14542) for further details.*}

Start by reviewing the Java build configuration and the three proposed subtasks in the issue. First determine how to incorporate the checker framework without failing the build, then track cleanup by module before enabling full null analysis. Done means the Java build completes cleanly with full checking enabled.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.