[Java] Dummy NPEs in DefaultAllocationManagerOption

Looking at DefaultAllocationManagerOption [1], I see that we could prevent dummy NPEs when trying to convert an often not-set environment option into enums.
In my case, it was a bit painful to have this error, even if properly caught, because it was polluting debug when looking for unexpected NPEs. This was raising false positives.
 
I was wondering if you were open to a pull request to change this little inconvenience?
 
[1]

**Reporter**: [Olivier Peyrusse](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-13697)

_{**Note**: *This issue was originally created as [ARROW-13697](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-13697). Please see the [migration documentation](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/14542) for further details.*}

首先阅读 java/memory/memory-core/src/main/java/org/apache/arrow/memory/DefaultAllocationManagerOption.java 第64-82行附近的内容，重点关注将未设置的环境选项转换为 enums 的过程。确认未设置选项时的当前行为，并验证由此产生的处理不再生成虚假的 NullPointerExceptions，同时保留预期的选项行为。

由索引模型根据 Issue 内容生成。