[Java] Dummy NPEs in DefaultAllocationManagerOption

Looking at DefaultAllocationManagerOption [1], I see that we could prevent dummy NPEs when trying to convert an often not-set environment option into enums.
In my case, it was a bit painful to have this error, even if properly caught, because it was polluting debug when looking for unexpected NPEs. This was raising false positives.
 
I was wondering if you were open to a pull request to change this little inconvenience?
 
[1]

**Reporter**: [Olivier Peyrusse](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-13697)

_{**Note**: *This issue was originally created as [ARROW-13697](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-13697). Please see the [migration documentation](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/14542) for further details.*}

Comece lendo java/memory/memory-core/src/main/java/org/apache/arrow/memory/DefaultAllocationManagerOption.java por volta das linhas 64-82, concentrando-se na conversão de opções de ambiente não definidas em enums. Confirme o comportamento atual para uma opção não definida e verifique se o tratamento resultante não produz mais NullPointerExceptions fictícias, preservando o comportamento esperado da opção.

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