[Java] Continue adding nullability/nullness annotations for Arrow Vector Module

### Describe the enhancement requested

The purpose of this PR https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/37723 is to add nullability/nullness annotations to Arrow Memory modules.

As part of this improvement, we will continue to work on the next module, the Arrow Java Vector Module.

Also, consider adding the Checker Framework profile to the top level java/pom.xml to make future development easier

### Component(s)

Java

首先檢閱 PR 37723，以了解新增至 Arrow Memory 模組的 nullability 註解，接著檢查 Arrow Java Vector 模組與 java/pom.xml。完成的標準是 Vector 模組具備預期的 nullness 覆蓋範圍，並在需要時新增頂層 Maven profile，以支援 Checker Framework 驗證。

由索引模型根據 Issue 內容生成。