[Java] Continue adding nullability/nullness annotations for Arrow Vector Module

### Describe the enhancement requested

The purpose of this PR https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/37723 is to add nullability/nullness annotations to Arrow Memory modules.

As part of this improvement, we will continue to work on the next module, the Arrow Java Vector Module.

Also, consider adding the Checker Framework profile to the top level java/pom.xml to make future development easier

### Component(s)

Java

首先审查 PR 37723，以了解添加到 Arrow Memory 模块中的 nullability 注解，然后检查 Arrow Java Vector 模块和 java/pom.xml。完成的标准是 Vector 模块具备预期的 nullness 覆盖范围，并且在需要时添加顶层 Maven profile，以支持 Checker Framework 验证。

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