[Java] Continue adding nullability/nullness annotations for Arrow Vector Module

### Describe the enhancement requested

The purpose of this PR https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/37723 is to add nullability/nullness annotations to Arrow Memory modules.

As part of this improvement, we will continue to work on the next module, the Arrow Java Vector Module.

Also, consider adding the Checker Framework profile to the top level java/pom.xml to make future development easier

### Component(s)

Java

Start by reviewing PR 37723 to understand the nullability annotations added to the Arrow Memory modules, then inspect the Arrow Java Vector module and java/pom.xml. Done means the Vector module has the intended nullness coverage and the top-level Maven profile is added if needed to support Checker Framework validation.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.