bug(Date Picker): Date picker display incorrect Hijri dates using 'ar-SA' locale.

### Is this a regression?

- [X] Yes, this behavior used to work in the previous version

### The previous version in which this bug was not present was

^17.0.0

### Description

I used to use Date Picker with Hijri dates, using native adapter and every thing works fine, after updating to angular ^18.1.0 dates not displayed correctly.

"dependencies": {
"@angular/animations": "^18.1.0",
"@angular/cdk": "^18.1.0",
"@angular/common": "^18.1.0",
"@angular/compiler": "^18.1.0",
"@angular/core": "^18.1.0",
"@angular/forms": "^18.1.0",
"@angular/material": "^18.1.3",
"@angular/platform-browser": "^18.1.0",
"@angular/router": "^18.1.0",
"rxjs": "^7.8.1",
"tslib": "^2.5.0",
"zone.js": "~0.14.0"
},


### Reproduction

StackBlitz link: https://stackblitz.com/edit/stackblitz-starters-gq9csg?file=src%2Fglobal_styles.scss
Steps to reproduce:
1. open datepicker

### Expected Behavior

to display correct equivalent date in Hijri.

### Actual Behavior

Hijri date displayed inncorect, however value is correct.

### Environment

- Angular:
- CDK/Material:
- Browser(s):
- Operating System (e.g. Windows, macOS, Ubuntu):

リンクされた StackBlitz の再現から始め、Angular 18.1/@angular/material の動作を、以前動作していた Angular 17 のセットアップと比較します。ネイティブの日付アダプターと ar-SA の表示経路を追跡します。日付ピッカーが正しい同等の Hijri 日付をレンダリングし、すでに正しい値を維持できれば完了です。

索引モデルが issue の本文から書いたものです。