bug(badge): Badge doesn't react to the browser font size

### Is this a regression?

- [ ] Yes, this behavior used to work in the previous version

### The previous version in which this bug was not present was

_No response_

### Description

When you change the size of the font through the browser settings. The badges remain the same size.

Comparison images:
small
large
chrome option

### Reproduction

Steps to reproduce:
1. Go in the Chrome options
2. Search for "Font size"
3. Set to "Very small"
4. Go on https://material.angular.io/components/badge/overview
5. Now change to "Very large"
6. Compare again on the doc page

### Expected Behavior

I have a feeling the badges should follow the size of the font.

### Actual Behavior

Badges font remain unchanged between very small or very large font option.

### Environment

- Angular: 16.2.5
- CDK/Material: 16.2.5
- Browser(s): Chrome 116.0.5845.187
- Operating System (e.g. Windows, macOS, Ubuntu): macOS 13.5.2

まず、Chrome のフォントサイズ設定を使い、「非常に小さい」と「非常に大きい」を比較して、material.angular.io/components/badge/overview の Material badge overview で問題を再現してください。ブラウザーのフォントサイズを変更したときに badge のフォントとサイズが一貫して変化し、両方の設定で動作を確認できれば完了です。

索引モデルが issue の本文から書いたものです。