bug(table): Table with sticky header 'jumping'

### Is this a regression?

- [X] Yes, this behavior used to work in the previous version

### The previous version in which this bug was not present was

_No response_

### Description

When scrolling, a table with a sticky header "jumps" if you add an element that has a absolute position. For example, if you display the tooltip and scroll, then the sticky header will change position for a short time.
This is also true with the mat-progress-bar element.

### Reproduction

StackBlitz link:
Steps to reproduce:
1. Open [link](https://stackblitz.com/edit/gatzhq-oe6hfq?file=src%2Fexample%2Ftable-sticky-header-example.ts)
2. The sticky header changes the position on scroll when there is another element on the page with absolute position

https://github.com/angular/components/assets/16895663/bf5172c5-8cba-4a0b-b5da-89afab55d7ee

### Expected Behavior

The sticky header should not change position on scroll when there is another element on the page with an absolute position

### Actual Behavior

The sticky header changes the position on scroll when there is another element on the page with absolute position

### Environment

- Angular: v12, v15, v16
- CDK/Material: v12, v15, v16
- Browser(s): **Chrome Version 114.0.5735.110 (Official Build) (64-bit)**
- Operating System (e.g. Windows, macOS, Ubuntu): **Windows**

从链接的 StackBlitz 复现开始，确认在存在 tooltip 或 mat-progress-bar 时滚动会导致 sticky-header 跳动。然后追踪 Angular components repository 中表格 sticky-header 的实现及相关测试。当存在另一个绝对定位的元素时，滚动过程中表头仍保持稳定，即表示完成。

由索引模型根据 Issue 内容生成。