bug(mat-date-picker): the native date adapter can't detect first day of week from user locale

#### Reproduction

All material datepickers display weeks starting Sunday while I have Russia locale set up which demands Monday is the first day of week:

Yes, I know I can globally change starting day via DateAdapter but I need to datepickers to be users' locale compatible.

#### Expected Behavior
Monday is first day of week

#### Actual Behavior

Sunday is first day of week.

#### Environment

- Angular: 11.0.3
- CDK/Material: 11.2.4
- Browser(s): Firefox 89
- Operating System (e.g. Windows, macOS, Ubuntu): macOS 11.4

まず Angular Material datepickers と Russia locale で問題を再現し、次に native date adapter とその locale の処理を調査します。完了条件は、その locale に対して datepicker が Monday を週の最初の日として表示し、既存の global DateAdapter override の動作を維持することです。

索引モデルが issue の本文から書いたものです。