feat(table): typescript/strong typing of cell templates

#### Feature Description

Currently, `*matCellDef` types the resulting variable as `any`:

This issue is an attempt to bring https://github.com/angular/components/issues/16273 back in discussion, which has been closed as Ivy wasn't yet available.

There has been some progress on several fronts:

- Ivy now has `strictTemplates` mode.
- The experimental Ivy powered language server is almost ready to go.

It appears that the approach described in this comment https://github.com/angular/angular/issues/28731#issuecomment-782806178 might allow this to be implemented.

#### Use Case

As we've been converting more code to use Material Data Tables, the lack of strong typing has been really problematic, and it feels like a downgrade in developer experience compared to regular tables with `*ngFor`.

Further motivation for this has been described in:

https://github.com/angular/components/issues/16273
https://github.com/angular/angular/issues/28731

Commencez par examiner le contexte strictTemplates d’Angular et les discussions associées dans angular/components#16273 et angular/angular#28731, en particulier l’approche d’implémentation qui y est référencée. Déterminez les points d’entrée concernés pour le typage des templates de cellules de la table Material et la manière dont le language service les gère. Le travail est considéré comme terminé lorsque les variables des templates de cellules reçoivent des types utiles à la compilation au lieu de any, avec une couverture des cas de template pertinents.

Rédigé par le modèle d'indexation à partir du texte de l'issue.