bug(ErrorStateMatcher): Not able to configure globally ErrorStateMatcher

#### Reproduction

StackBlitz link for reproduction: https://stackblitz.com/edit/components-issue-enshvf

Steps to reproduce:
1. Pay your attention that CoreModule has declaration for `ErrorStateMatcher` provider with class `ShowOnDirtyErrorStateMatcher`. CoreModule imported into AppModule in the same way as FeatureModule.
2. Try to focus/blur example "Favorite Food" input and note that `ShowOnDirtyErrorStateMatcher` was not applied.

In big enterprise applications we should have clean modular structure without any SharedModule or MaterialModule to be imported into each feature module.

MatInputModule has hardcoded `ErrorStateMatcher` provider and when we import that module into our feature modules – our global `ErrorStateMatcher` provider is overwritten.

I suppose this issue related with PR #18962, but I believe this issue describes another problem with `ErrorStateMatcher`

#### Expected Behavior

ErrorStateMatcher can be defined globally

#### Actual Behavior

ErrorStateMatcher overwrites with each MatInputModule import

#### Environment

- Angular: 9+
- CDK/Material: 9+

リンクされた StackBlitz の再現から始め、ErrorStateMatcher が CoreModule、FeatureModule、MatInputModule によってどのように提供されるかを追跡します。MatInputModule が複数の feature module で import された場合の provider の動作を確認します。グローバルに設定された ErrorStateMatcher が引き続き有効で、再現の Favorite Food input がそれを使用すれば完了です。

索引モデルが issue の本文から書いたものです。