Extract `changelog-check` to separate action

The `changelog-check` workflow helps us ensure that changelogs are updated alongside changes in polyrepos and monorepos.

Currently, when we make use of this workflow in other repos we need to pin to a specific commit ID. This is cumbersome because it means that if we want to make a change to the workflow we now need to go through each repo by hand and update the commit ID.

If we extracted this workflow to an action, we could start using version strings such as `v1`. As long as new changes were backward compatible they would automatically get propagated to all of the repos.

Comece localizando o workflow existente de changelog-check e analisando como outros repositórios o consomem. Extraia-o para uma GitHub Action versionada, atualize o modelo de uso para oferecer suporte a referências no estilo v1 e verifique se as verificações de changelog continuam funcionando tanto para polyrepos quanto para monorepos.

Escrita pelo modelo de indexação a partir do texto da issue.