Add PartialApplication

Bắt đầu với hành vi được đề xuất của typing.PartialApplication và so sánh nó với các khái niệm ParamSpec, Concatenate, get, functools.partial, typing và typing_extensions được nêu trong issue. Đọc cuộc thảo luận được liên kết và issue của MyPy để nắm các ràng buộc trước đây; công việc được xem là hoàn tất khi đạt được sự thống nhất về thiết kế và xác định được hành vi hỗ trợ cả các ví dụ partial lẫn jit.

Pitch

Add typing.PartialApplication to facilitate the implementation of:

• __get__, and
• functools.partial,

both of which are practically impossible to natively (without plugins) annotate.

The __get__ method is currently handled internally by type checkers, and a MyPy plugin for partial has proved to be very difficult.

Proposal

I created a discussion, but I wanted to flesh this out as a new feature:

The idea is that PartialApplication takes three parameters:

• a ParamSpec parameter P,
• a tuple parameter T, and
• a dictionary parameter D (defaulting to an empty dictionary).

It returns a new ParamSpec with all the arguments of P after removing

• the first len(T) positional parameters,
• the named keyword parameters from D.

It verifies that this removed parameters are all supertypes of the corresponding arguments, or else returns a type error.

Partial case study

An example with partial (might need some tweaks)

P = ParamSpec('P')
Q = ParamSpec('P')
R = TypeVar('R', covariant=True)

class partial(Generic[P, Q, R]):
  S: TypeAlias = PartialApplication(P, Q.args, Q.kwargs)
  def __init__(self, f: Callable[P, R], /, *args: Q.args, **kwargs: Q.kwargs): ...
  def __call__(self, /, *args: S.args, **kwargs: S.kwargs) -> R: ...

Thus, calling partial(f, ...) would check the parameters, and produce a __call__ method with the right signature.

JIT example

Consider trying to create a decorator jit that works with both bare functions and methods. The problem is that in the method case, it has to respond to __get__ and strip off the first argument. It seems that we can only do this with Concatenate:

from typing import Callable, Generic, Protocol, TypeVar, overload, Any

from typing_extensions import ParamSpec, Self, Concatenate

V_co = TypeVar("V_co", covariant=True)
U = TypeVar("U", contravariant=True)
P = ParamSpec("P")

class Wrapped(Protocol, Generic[P, V_co]):
    def __call__(self, /, *args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> V_co:
        ...

class WrappedMethod(Protocol, Generic[S, P, V_co]):
    def __call__(self: S, *args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> V_co:
        ...

    @overload
    def __get__(self, instance: None, owner: Any = None) -> Self:
        ...

    @overload
    def __get__(self, instance: S, owner: Any = None) -> Wrapped[P, V_co]:
        ...

# this overload can only be hit if there is a positional parameter.  It responds to `__get__` by
# throwing that parameter out.  
@overload
def jit(f: Callable[Concatenate[U, P], V_co]) -> WrappedMethod[U, P, V_co]:
    ...

@overload
def jit(f: Callable[P, V_co]) -> Wrapped[P, V_co]:
    ...

def jit(f: Callable[..., Any]) -> Any:
    ...

class X:
    @jit
    def f(self, x: int) -> None:
        pass

@jit
def g(x: int, y: float) -> None:
    pass

x = X()
x.f(3)
x.f(x=3)
g(3, 4.2)
g(x=3, y=4.2)  # Fails!
reveal_type(x.f)
reveal_type(g.__call__)

We can't seem to deal with the method case alongside the function case. Here's the proposed solution:

class Wrapped(Protocol, Generic[P, V_co]):
    def __call__(self, *args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> V_co:
        ...

    def __get__(self, instance: U, owner: Any = None
                ) -> Callable[PartialApplication[P, tuple[U]], V_co]:
        ...  # Much easier!

def jit(f: Callable[P, V_co]) -> Wrapped[P, V_co]:
    pass  # No overloads!