Misleading errors and confusing behavior with zero-argument `super()` in inner functions

Bug report

See also: #90333.

super() exhibits behavior subtly broken in different ways when used in inner functions with zero arguments:

class Foo:
    def __init__(self):
        def inner():
            print(str(super()))

        inner()

>>> Foo()
...
RuntimeError: super(): no arguments

and in inner functions that do take arguments:

class Foo:
    def __init__(self):
        def inner(_=1):
            print(str(super()))

        inner()

>>> Foo()
...
TypeError: super(type, obj): obj must be an instance or subtype of type

...unless the first argument is None:

class Foo:
    def __init__(self):
        def inner(_=None):
            print(str(super()))

        inner()

>>> Foo()
<super: <class 'Foo'>, NULL>

but then method lookup doesn't work as expected (raises AttributeError trying to access any method not defined on NoneType).

__class__ gets injected into the code properly, it just seems that super() assumes the first argument of the immediately enclosing function is self.

It seems to me that:

• The best case would be for this behavior to look up self from the same scope __class__ was defined in rather than the immediate scope where super() was invoked, making it possible to use zero-argument super in nested functions
• If that is not possible, a consistent error should be raised regardless of the arguments to the immediately-enclosing function; all three of those examples should communicate that zero-argument super in nested functions is not supported. Especially the first error message is misleading, since it describes two-argument super.
• If zero-argument super() is not made to work in nested functions, this quirk should be clearly documented. Right now the documentation only vaguely hints at problems:

  Also note that, aside from the zero argument form, super() is not limited to use inside methods.

I'd be happy to work on this but am concerned there might be a lot of edge-cases that are not obvious to me (like the workaround for super() being called from the C-API before a MAKE_CELL).

Your environment

• CPython versions tested on: 3.10.7, 3.12 dev @ eae7dad40255bad42e4abce53ff8143dcbc66af5
• Operating system and architecture: Linux x86_64

Beginne damit, die drei verschachtelten Funktionsbeispiele im Issue zu reproduzieren und ihr Verhalten von super() ohne Argumente zu vergleichen. Lies die Dokumentation zu super() ohne Argumente und untersuche die erwähnten Interaktionen von class, MAKE_CELL und C-API. Als abgeschlossen gilt die Aufgabe, wenn ein abgestimmtes Verhalten, konsistente Fehler oder unterstützte Lookup-Semantik sowie entsprechende Regressionstests oder Dokumentation vorhanden sind.