Python 3.13: PyThreadState_SetAsyncExc might deliver the exception outside of the thread

Bug report

Bug description:

I have the following naive demo that uses PyThreadState_SetAsyncExc to implement a time-limited interruptible context manager:

import contextlib
import ctypes
import sys
import threading
import time


class Interruptible:
    def __init__(self, seconds: float):
        self.seconds = seconds
        self.finished = False

    def __enter__(self):
        self._thread = threading.Thread(
            target=self._interrupt_in,
            args=(threading.get_ident(), self.seconds),
            daemon=True,
        )
        self._thread.start()
        return self

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
        self.finished = True

    def _interrupt_in(self, tid: int, seconds: float) -> None:
        time.sleep(self.seconds)
        print(f"Slept for {seconds}")
        if self.finished:
            print("Finished, not interrupting")
            return
        else:
            print("Not finished, interrupting")
            ctypes.pythonapi.PyThreadState_SetAsyncExc(
                ctypes.c_long(tid), ctypes.py_object(TimeoutError)
            )


def busy_loop():
    s = time.monotonic()
    while time.monotonic() - s < 0.5:
        pass


print(f"Python version: {sys.version}")

for i in range(100):
    try:
        with Interruptible(seconds=0.1):
            s = time.monotonic()
            while time.monotonic() - s < 0.5:
                pass
            # NOTE: If we replace above block with the equivalent busy_loop(), it works.
            # busy_loop()
    except TimeoutError:
        print(f"Iteration {i + 1}: ✓ TimeoutError caught")
    else:
        print(f"Iteration {i + 1}: ✗ TimeoutError NOT raised")
    time.sleep(0.01)  # Small delay between iterations

In Python 3.13, this might fail with something like:

❯ python /tmp/demo.py
Python version: 3.13.7 (main, Sep 29 2025, 18:42:10) [GCC 11.4.0]
Slept for 0.1
Not finished, interrupting
Iteration 1: ✓ TimeoutError caught
Slept for 0.1
Not finished, interrupting
Iteration 2: ✓ TimeoutError caught
Slept for 0.1
Not finished, interrupting
Iteration 3: ✓ TimeoutError caught
Slept for 0.1
Not finished, interrupting
Iteration 4: ✓ TimeoutError caught
Slept for 0.1
Not finished, interrupting
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/demo.py", line 50, in <module>
    while time.monotonic() - s < 0.5:
          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
TimeoutError

Meaning the TimeoutError is raised but not caught by the try/except block. A few other observations:

1. If I wrap the "work" inside the context manager to a wrapper function busy_loop(), it's NOT reproducible.
2. I tested Python 3.11.13, 3.12.11, 3.13.7, and 3.14.0rc3, it is only reproducible in Python 3.13.7.

CPython versions tested on:

3.13, 3.12, 3.14, 3.11

Operating systems tested on:

Linux

Bắt đầu với /tmp/demo.py và entry point PyThreadState_SetAsyncExc, tái hiện sự cố trên Python 3.13.7 và so sánh với Python 3.11, 3.12 và 3.14. Công việc được xem là hoàn tất khi bạn giải thích được vì sao TimeoutError thoát khỏi handler bao quanh và thêm một regression test cho hành vi phân phối exception như mong đợi.