`isinstance(obj, Hashable)` raises `TypeError` when both `obj` and `type(obj)` are unhashable

Bug report

Bug description:

Assumption: isinstance(anything, any_type) should never raise.

The problem appears to be in _abc.c function _abc__abc_subclasscheck_impl (known at runtime as _abc._abc_subclasscheck()), which reads (in part):

    /* 1. Check cache. */
    incache = _in_weak_set(impl->_abc_cache, subclass);

The implementation assumes subclass is hashable. That's almost always true of classes, but not guaranteed.

Reproduction case:

from __future__ import annotations
from collections.abc import Hashable

class UnhashableMeta(type):
    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
        return super().__eq__(other)

class UnhashableClass(metaclass=UnhashableMeta):
    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
        return super().__eq__(other)

# any non-hashable instance of a non-hashable class
#         ┌────────┴────────┐
isinstance(UnhashableClass(), Hashable)

Traceback for (cpython) Python 3.13.1:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<frozen runpy>", line 198, in _run_module_as_main
  File "<frozen runpy>", line 88, in _run_code
  File ".../bug.py", line 14, in <module>
    isinstance(UnhashableClass(), Hashable)
    ~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "<frozen abc>", line 119, in __instancecheck__
  File "<frozen abc>", line 123, in __subclasscheck__
TypeError: unhashable type: 'UnhashableMeta'

Tracebacks are nearly identical with Python 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, and 3.12, as well as Python 3.14.0a4.

CPython versions tested on:

3.13, 3.12, 3.11, 3.10, 3.9, 3.14

Operating systems tested on:

macOS

Mở Modules/_abc.c và bắt đầu từ _abc__abc_subclasscheck_impl, cụ thể là lời gọi _in_weak_set được mô tả trong issue. Chạy reproduction được cung cấp với UnhashableMeta và UnhashableClass trên CPython, sau đó xác minh rằng isinstance(UnhashableClass(), Hashable) không còn phát sinh exception và regression được bao phủ bởi một test phù hợp.