`DeepCloneNode` allocation runaway (44 GB / 308 s) for recursive tagged-tuple type alias

# `DeepCloneNode` allocation runaway (44 GB / 308 s) for recursive tagged-tuple type alias

## Summary

`tsgo` enters an allocation runaway through `ast.NodeFactory.DeepCloneNode` and `printer.EmitContext.SetOriginalEx`'s LinkStore when type-checking a package whose type-reference graph hinges on a self-recursive, multi-variadic-tuple type alias and whose `.tsbuildinfo` is on disk. We observed **43.59 GB of allocations across 308.76 s of CPU time on ~10 cores** in a single `tsgo` invocation (~40 GB RSS) before the process was killed externally. Deleting the `.tsbuildinfo` on the same source compiles in 1.8 s with normal allocation. Same family as the open issue [#3378](https://github.com/microsoft/typescript-go/issues/3378) (`Crash`, assigned to `@jakebailey`) and as the closed [#2917](https://github.com/microsoft/typescript-go/issues/2917) / [#2987](https://github.com/microsoft/typescript-go/pull/2987) (template-literal recursion, fixed) — but for a different recursive-type family (tuple/union with variadic tails) and a different surface (declaration-emit path, not LSP crash).

## Environment

- **tsgo version**: `7.0.0-dev.20260509.2`
- **Platform**: Darwin 25.5.0, arm64 (M-series Mac), 10 hardware threads
- **Codebase**: Bun workspace monorepo. The affected package has ~50 source files referencing the recursive type alias; ~110 additional files across the monorepo import it transitively. `tsgo` resolves ~8.4k files into its compilation scope (workspace deps + their transitive `node_modules`).
- **`tsconfig.json`**: `incremental: true`, `noEmit: true`, `declaration: false`, `composite: false`, `isolatedDeclarations: false` (no declaration emit requested anywhere in the monorepo).

## Profiles

Captured with `tsgo --pprofDir ./profile`. Attaching four `.pb.gz` files:

| File | Description |
|---|---|
| [`teammate-memprofile.pb.gz`](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/28075252/teammate-memprofile.pb.gz) | The leak. 43.59 GB allocated, `DeepCloneNode` 74.7% cumulative. |
| [`teammate-cpuprofile.pb.gz`](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/28075251/teammate-cpuprofile.pb.gz) | The leak. 308.76 s @ ~10 cores; 90%+ in `runtime.gcDrain` / `runtime.scanObject` — GC-thrashed, not compute-bound. |
| [`control-memprofile.pb.gz`](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/28075254/control-memprofile.pb.gz) | Same source, `.tsbuildinfo` deleted before invocation. 3.22 GB total allocs, **zero `DeepCloneNode` samples**. |
| [`control-cpuprofile.pb.gz`](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/28075253/control-cpuprofile.pb.gz) | Same source, `.tsbuildinfo` deleted. 1.77 s total. |

## Memprofile — top cumulative (teammate, leak)

```
File: tsgo Type: alloc_space
Total: 43.59 GB Showing top of 151 nodes

flat flat% sum% cum cum%
0 0% 0% 32.56GB 74.70% ast.(*NodeVisitor).VisitNodes
1.94GB 4.45% 4.45% 32.56GB 74.70% ast.(*NodeVisitor).VisitSlice
0 0% 4.45% 32.55GB 74.68% ast.(*Node).VisitEachChild (inline)
0 0% 4.45% 32.55GB 74.68% ast.(*NodeFactory).DeepCloneNode.getDeepCloneVisitor.func{1,2}
0 0% 4.45% 32.55GB 74.68% ast.(*TupleTypeNode).VisitEachChild
0 0% 4.45% 32.55GB 74.68% ast.(*UnionTypeNode).VisitEachChild
0 0% 4.45% 32.31GB 74.12% ast.(*NodeVisitor).VisitNode
0 0% 4.45% 32.23GB 73.94% ast.(*ArrayTypeNode).VisitEachChild
0 0% 4.45% 32.20GB 73.88% ast.(*RestTypeNode).VisitEachChild
0 0% 4.45% 22.49GB 51.59% ast.(*Node).Clone
0 0% 4.45% 22.23GB 51.01% ast.updateNode
0 0% 4.45% 22.23GB 51.01% printer.(*EmitContext).SetOriginal (inline)
9.08GB 20.83% 25.28% 22.23GB 51.01% printer.(*EmitContext).SetOriginalEx
0 0% 25.28% 20.31GB 46.59% ast.(*KeywordTypeNode).Clone
0 0% 25.28% 18.02GB 41.33% ast.cloneNode
```

Read of the breakdown:

- **74.7% of allocations are inside `DeepCloneNode`'s recursive visitor**, walking a `TupleType → UnionType → ArrayType → RestType → LiteralType` chain. That is the exact AST shape of the recursive type alias described below.
- **51% is `EmitContext.SetOriginalEx` and its backing `LinkStore`** — the data structure that records `original → clone` pointers for every node deep-clone produces. Its backing slice is grown via `slices.Grow` ~9 GB worth.
- Flat allocation top hitter is `SetOriginalEx` at 9.08 GB. The leak is `EmitContext` metadata, not the AST nodes themselves.

## CPU profile — top cumulative (teammate, leak)

```
Duration: 308.76s, Total samples = 3139.73s (1016.88% — 10-core saturation)

flat flat% sum% cum cum%
0.11s 0.0035% 0.0035% 2975.16s 94.76% runtime.systemstack
0.12s 0.0038% 0.0073% 2852.47s 90.85% runtime.gcBgMarkWorker.func2
5.84s 0.19% 0.19% 2852.13s 90.84% runtime.gcDrain
0.83s 0.026% 0.22% 2841.11s 90.49% runtime.gcBgMarkWorker
644.89s 20.54% 20.76% 2603.14s 82.91% runtime.scanObject
603.13s 19.21% 39.97% 860.52s 27.41% runtime.tryDeferToSpanScan
440.26s 14.02% 53.99% 623.90s 19.87% runtime.findObject
```

>90% of CPU is in the GC's mark/scan path. The process is heap-thrashed; allocation rate exceeds GC throughput, so `GOMEMLIMIT` doesn't bound it.

## Control profile (same code, no `.tsbuildinfo`)

```
File: tsgo Type: alloc_space
Total: 3.22 GB Total time: 1.77 s

Top of cumulative is normal type-checker work:
- checker.(*Relater).isRelatedToEx 36.75%
- checker.(*Checker).checkTypeRelatedToEx 36.36%
- checker.(*Relater).recursiveTypeRelatedTo 35.21%
- checker.(*Relater).structuredTypeRelatedTo 35.07%
```

No samples in `DeepCloneNode` (`go tool pprof -focus DeepCloneNode` returns *"focus expression matched no samples"*). The same source, with `.tsbuildinfo` removed, finishes in 1.77 seconds and never enters the deep-clone path.

## The type pattern

The package defines (anonymized; original identifiers replaced with neutral tokens; structure unchanged):

```ts
type Doc =
| string
| { [k: string]: Doc }
| readonly ["array", Doc]
| readonly ["array", Doc, { length: number }]
| readonly ["array", Doc, { min?: number; max?: number }]
| readonly ["union", Doc, ...Doc[]];
```

Six-alternate self-referential union with two variadic tuple branches (`["array", T, …]` ×3 overloads and `["union", T, ...T[]]`). The AST shape `Tuple→Union→Array→Rest→Literal` reported in the pprof maps 1:1 onto this declaration.

This is the type pattern of a tagged-tuple JSON DSL — same family as `Schema.declare(...)`'s recursive shapes, structural-editor ASTs, blockchain ABI encodings, ts-json-schema generators, etc. ~50 files within the affected package reference `Doc` directly; ~110 across the wider monorepo do.

## What appears to trigger it

Three conditions seem necessary together. We could not produce the leak with any two of the three:

1. A self-recursive type alias with multiple variadic-tuple alternates (above).
2. A non-trivial set of internal consumers + cross-package imports, such that `tsgo` materializes the type as an AST and deep-clones it across many sites (e.g. for declaration diagnostics — which run even when `declaration: false` / `noEmit: true`; see microsoft/typescript-go#3378 stack).
3. A pre-existing `.tsbuildinfo` whose cached symbol/type signatures have desynchronized from the current source. Anything that produces this works: adding a new union alternate to the recursive type; bulk-renaming a heavily-referenced identifier; upgrading `@typescript/native-preview` without clearing the buildinfo.

When all three are present, `tsgo`'s `NodeBuilderImpl.serializeTypeForDeclaration` → `typeToTypeNode` → `DeepCloneNode` path runs across the dependency graph and `EmitContext`'s `LinkStore` grows linearly with allocations.

The same code path appears in the stack for [#3378](https://github.com/microsoft/typescript-go/issues/3378) (`serializeTypeForDeclaration → typeToTypeNode → DeepCloneNode`), which was reported as an LSP crash. Our reproduction is non-LSP — `tsgo` invoked directly with `--pprofDir`.

## Cross-references

- [microsoft/typescript-go#3378](https://github.com/microsoft/typescript-go/issues/3378) — same `serializeTypeForDeclaration → typeToTypeNode → DeepCloneNode` stack; reported as LSP diagnostics crash.
- [microsoft/typescript-go#2917](https://github.com/microsoft/typescript-go/issues/2917) / [#2987](https://github.com/microsoft/typescript-go/pull/2987) — recursive template-literal memory leak (closed, fixed via truncation check in `conditionalTypeToTypeNode`). Different recursive-type family from ours.
- [microsoft/typescript-go#1622](https://github.com/microsoft/typescript-go/issues/1622) — large-monorepo extreme memory; mitigations `--singleThreaded`, `--builders 1`, `GOMEMLIMIT`.

## Disclosure

This issue body and the supporting analysis were drafted with assistance from Claude (Anthropic), per [`CONTRIBUTING.md`](https://github.com/microsoft/typescript-go/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md)'s AI-disclosure requirement. The pprofs were captured against a real codebase; the type-alias shape shown above is anonymized but structurally identical to the original. I have read the analysis, understand it, and will iterate on any follow-up the maintainers raise.

Tái hiện tình trạng cấp phát mất kiểm soát với alias tuple có gắn thẻ đệ quy và một .tsbuildinfo đã cũ, sau đó so sánh với lần chạy đối chứng sau khi xóa tệp. Lần theo NodeBuilderImpl.serializeTypeForDeclaration qua typeToTypeNode và ast.NodeFactory.DeepCloneNode đến printer.EmitContext.SetOriginalEx và LinkStore của nó, sử dụng các profile được cung cấp và issue #3378 làm ngữ cảnh. Được xem là hoàn tất khi trường hợp đệ quy không còn đi vào tình trạng cấp phát mất kiểm soát và vẫn giữ hành vi bình thường.

Do mô hình lập chỉ mục viết ra từ nội dung của issue.