Separate type application from function application

As discussed in #28931, currently the type application for the function with generic parameters is tied to that function application.

Specialize the value of the function with generics is only possible during the call. So the following compiles fine:

function id<V> (v : V) { return v }

const some : Date = id<Date>(new Date())

But this does not:

function id<V> (v : V) { return v }

type IdDate         = typeof id<Date> // TS1005: ';' expected 

const dateId        = id<Date> // TS1109: Expression expected.

It would be very beneficial to separate type application from function application. For example (the original reason of this request), it will allow mixins with generic parameters:

export type Constructable<T extends any> = new (...args : any[]) => T
export type AnyFunction             = (...input: any[]) => any
export type Mixin<T extends AnyFunction> = InstanceType<ReturnType<T>>

export const Atom = <V, T extends Constructable<Object>>(base : T) =>

class Atom extends base {
    value               : V

    hasValue () : boolean {
        return this.hasOwnProperty('value')
    }
}

export type Atom = Mixin<typeof Atom> // this currently works, but does not have generic argument

export type Atom<V> = Mixin<typeof Atom<V>> // this is the goal

Lisez d’abord la discussion dans issue #28931, puis utilisez les exemples présentés ici pour identifier la syntaxe prévue et son interaction avec les fonctions génériques, les requêtes de types et les mixins. C’est terminé lorsque l’application de types proposée peut être utilisée indépendamment d’un appel de fonction et que les exemples présentés se compilent comme prévu.