Add `string` predicates `startsWith`, `endsWith` and `contains`

What do you think about adding predicates to the CodeQL type `string` for determining whether a string has a given prefix or suffix or contains a substring? For example `startsWith(string)`, `endsWith(string)` and `contains(string)`.
Currently the workarounds are using `indexOf(...) = 0` or `matches(...%)` (which seems to be faster than `indexOf`, see https://github.com/github/codeql/issues/6479#issuecomment-900081363). However, these predicates do not convey the intention as clearly, might not be that performant and for `matches` one must take care not to accidentally use `%`or `_` where the intention was to match them literally.

In the github/codeql repository (at https://github.com/github/codeql/commit/39533317ffbeb6224d049de22fc182d8eeea4b61) there are at least:
- 196 cases where `startsWith` could be used
(I searched for the regex `matches\("[^%_]*%"\)` in CodeQL source files)
- 72 cases where `endsWith` could be used
(I searched for the regex `matches\("%[^%_]*"\)` in CodeQL source files)

A issue propõe adicionar os predicados startsWith, endsWith e contains ao tipo string do CodeQL, mas não nomeia arquivos-fonte, testes ou pontos de entrada da implementação. Comece localizando a implementação do tipo string e seus testes; o trabalho estará concluído quando os predicados estiverem disponíveis e cobrirem verificações de prefixo, sufixo e substring sem depender de soluções alternativas com indexOf ou matches.

Escrita pelo modelo de indexação a partir do texto da issue.