Update shared files and make sure they stay in sync

Over at arm64-assembly we have a [templates](https://github.com/exercism/arm64-assembly/blob/main/templates) directory that holds files shared by all exercises plus a [script](https://github.com/exercism/arm64-assembly/blob/main/bin/update-from-templates) that synchronizes all exercises with the contents of that directory. This way we have a single source of truth in `templates`, the sync to all exercises happens automatically. By having the script return a non-zero exit code if it made any changes, we can also use that in a pre-commit check in CI.

We should setup something similar here as well and also use that chance to upgrade Catch2 and CMake scripts.

Note: Not having to copy files in the first place, but instead referencing a single source of truth wherever it is needed, would obviously be the much cleaner solution here, but due to the way the Exercism downloader works, for now exercises need to be self-contained.