Implement devcontainer-lock.json

See the original spec : https://github.com/devcontainers/spec/blob/main/docs/specs/devcontainer-lockfile.md

Example repo : https://github.com/microsoft/vscode/blob/main/.devcontainer/devcontainer-lock.json

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### Goal

Introduce a lockfile that records the exact version, download information and checksums for each feature listed in the devcontainer.json.

This will allow for:

- Improved reproducibility of image builds (installing "latest" of a tool will still have different outcomes as the tool publishes new releases).
- Improved cachability of image builds (image cache checksums will remain stable when the lockfile pins a feature to a particular version).
- Improved security by detecting when a feature's release artifact changes after its checksum was first recorded in the lockfile ("trust on first use").

Useful resources:
- https://github.com/devcontainers/spec/issues/236
- https://github.com/devcontainers/cli/issues/564

リンクされている devcontainer lockfile 仕様から始め、VS Code example repository と比較します。このプロジェクトが devcontainer.json をどのように読み取り、イメージをビルドするかを追跡し、各 feature の正確なバージョン、ダウンロード情報、checksum を devcontainer-lock.json に記録することを完了の定義とします。再現性、キャッシュ、checksum の検出を対象に含めます。

索引モデルが issue の本文から書いたものです。