Port all functions from ArrayFire 3.4

Each header "foo" file should have the following:
- src/foo.cpp
- R/foo.R

Also add tests if possible, though they are not necessary
- test/simple_foo.R
- [x] algorithm
- [x] arith
- [x] array
- [x] blas
- [ ] data
- [ ] defines (library.py)
- [ ] device
- [ ] features
- [ ] graphics
- [ ] image
- [ ] index
- [ ] lapack
- [ ] signal
- [ ] statistics
- [ ] util
- [ ] version (merge with util)
- [ ] vision

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C++ only headers that are not being ported
- exception.h (ported the necessary C function to util.py)
- complex.h
- dim4.hpp
- gfor (are there any necessary bits??)
- constants

檢查移植清單，並比較已完成標頭檔對應的現有 src/foo.cpp 和 R/foo.R 檔案對。接著處理剩餘的標頭檔，並在可能的情況下新增 test/simple_foo.R 測試。完成的標準是列出的函式都已移植，同時明確排除的 C++-only 標頭檔維持不處理。

由索引模型根據 Issue 內容生成。