Port all functions from ArrayFire 3.4

Each header "foo" file should have the following:
- src/foo.cpp
- R/foo.R

Also add tests if possible, though they are not necessary
- test/simple_foo.R
- [x] algorithm
- [x] arith
- [x] array
- [x] blas
- [ ] data
- [ ] defines (library.py)
- [ ] device
- [ ] features
- [ ] graphics
- [ ] image
- [ ] index
- [ ] lapack
- [ ] signal
- [ ] statistics
- [ ] util
- [ ] version (merge with util)
- [ ] vision

---

C++ only headers that are not being ported
- exception.h (ported the necessary C function to util.py)
- complex.h
- dim4.hpp
- gfor (are there any necessary bits??)
- constants

Review the porting checklist and compare the existing src/foo.cpp and R/foo.R pairs for the completed headers. Then work through the remaining headers, adding test/simple_foo.R tests where possible. Done means the listed functions are ported, with the explicitly excluded C++-only headers left out.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.