BLE central API

Based on the outcome of the API meeting, I've added a first draft of a BLE central API in the [api/BLE/central](https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-API/tree/master/api/BLE/central) folder.

It's probably best to review the examples in the following order:
- [scan.ino](https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-API/blob/master/api/BLE/central/examples/scan/scan.ino): Starts scanning for peripherals and prints out advertisement info. of discovered peripheral
- [scan_callback.ino](https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-API/blob/master/api/BLE/central/examples/scan_callback/scan_callback.ino): Similar to `scan.ino` but callback style
- [led_control.ino](https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-API/blob/master/api/BLE/central/examples/led_control/led_control.ino): Controls the LED on the [101 BLE LED example](https://github.com/01org/corelibs-arduino101/blob/master/libraries/CurieBLE/examples/LED/LED.ino) using a local button
- [sensortag_button.ino](https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-API/blob/master/api/BLE/central/examples/sensortag_button/sensortag_button.ino): Listens to simple key notifications from a TI SensorTag and prints out events to the serial monitor. Similar to Tom's [Node.js sensorTagSlideshow example](https://github.com/tigoe/BluetoothLE-Examples/tree/master/sensorTag/sensorTagSlideshow).
- [peripheral_explorer.ino](https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-API/blob/master/api/BLE/central/examples/peripheral_explorer/peripheral_explorer.ino): Connects to a peripheral and prints out it's services, characteristics, and descriptors. Similar to Tom's [Node.js exploreAsync example](https://github.com/tigoe/BluetoothLE-Examples/blob/master/noble/exploreAsync/explore.js).

Other item's to discuss:
1. Are there too many API's to access attributes of a peripheral? I've added a few to cater for various use cases, however I understand this might make documentation more difficult.
2. Is there a nicer way to handle reading and writing attributes with values (characteristics and descriptors). See [BLERemotePeripheralAttributeWithValue.h](https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-API/blob/master/api/BLE/central/BLERemotePeripheralAttributeWithValue.h). Maybe we can re-use the [UDP](https://github.com/arduino/Arduino/blob/master/hardware/arduino/avr/cores/arduino/Udp.h) style, with `beginWrite`, `Print` API's, and `endWrite`.
3. Class names, they are long now, mostly to avoid clashes with the BLEPeripheral API. In case there are use cases for using both peripheral and central mode at the same time in the future.

cc/ @tigoe @damellis @cmaglie @agdl

Überprüfe den Entwurf in api/BLE/central und die Beispiele in scan.ino, scan_callback.ino, led_control.ino, sensortag_button.ino und peripheral_explorer.ino. Lies zunächst die Beispiele und BLERemotePeripheralAttributeWithValue.h und kläre anschließend die offenen Fragen zur API, zum Lesen/Schreiben von Attributen und zur Benennung von Klassen. Als abgeschlossen gilt die Aufgabe, wenn das Design der central-API vereinbart ist und der Entwurf diese Entscheidung widerspiegelt.

Vom Indexierungsmodell aus dem Issue-Text verfasst.