[Feature] Support Vortex file format

### Search before asking

- [x] I searched in the [issues](https://github.com/apache/paimon-cpp/issues) and found nothing similar.

### Motivation

Apache Paimon Java supports Vortex through the paimon-vortex module, a Rust-based columnar file format with extensible compression encodings and lazily loaded summary statistics. Paimon C++ cannot currently access tables using this format.

### Solution

Add Vortex support to the Paimon C++ file-format SPI:
- Register the vortex file-format factory.
- Implement compatible schema, reader, and writer handling.
- Support column projection, predicate pushdown, and precise row selection.
- Validate the same supported and unsupported logical types as Java.
- Add C++ round-trip tests and Java-produced file compatibility tests.

### Anything else?

Vortex is implemented in Rust, so the integration can follow the Mosaic Rust FFI patterns (#238).
Java reference module: https://github.com/apache/paimon/tree/master/paimon-vortex

### Are you willing to submit a PR?

- [x] I'm willing to submit a PR!

首先阅读 paimon-vortex 中的 Java 参考模块，以及 issue #238 中的 Mosaic Rust FFI 模式。将 C++ 文件格式 SPI 要求映射到所请求的 schema、reader、writer、projection、predicate 和 row-selection 行为。完成标准是：C++ 往返测试和 Java 生成文件兼容性测试覆盖受支持和不受支持的逻辑类型。

由索引模型根据 Issue 内容生成。