feat: implement ReplacePartitions (two-PR plan)

## Overview

This issue tracks the implementation of `ReplacePartitions` in C++, assigned in #637.

`ReplacePartitions` performs dynamic partition overwrite: each file added to the operation marks its entire partition for deletion, and on commit, existing files in those partitions are atomically replaced. The resulting snapshot uses `operation="overwrite"` and summary property `"replace-partitions"="true"`.

## Implementation Plan

### PR 1 — Core implementation

New files:
- `src/iceberg/update/replace_partitions.h`
- `src/iceberg/update/replace_partitions.cc`

Modified files:
- `src/iceberg/snapshot.h` — add `kReplacePartitions` constant to `SnapshotSummaryFields`
- `src/iceberg/type_fwd.h` — add `class ReplacePartitions;`
- `src/iceberg/CMakeLists.txt` — register new source

### PR 2 — Table/Transaction API surface + tests

Modified files:
- `src/iceberg/table.h` / `table.cc` — add `NewReplacePartitions()`
- `src/iceberg/transaction.h` / `transaction.cc` — add `NewReplacePartitions()`

New files:
- `src/iceberg/test/replace_partitions_test.cc`
- `src/iceberg/test/CMakeLists.txt` — register test

## Design

`ReplacePartitions` extends `SnapshotUpdate` (same pattern as `FastAppend`) and uses `ManifestFilterManager` to mark existing partition files as DELETED:

- `AddFile(file)`: calls `filter_manager_.DropPartition(spec_id, partition)`, accumulates new file in `new_data_files_by_spec_`
- `ValidateAppendOnly()`: calls `filter_manager_.FailAnyDelete()`
- `Apply()`: for unpartitioned tables calls `filter_manager_.DeleteByRowFilter(AlwaysTrue)`; calls `FilterManifests()` on existing snapshot, then prepends new manifests
- `operation()`: returns `DataOperation::kOverwrite`
- `Summary()`: sets `"replace-partitions"="true"`

Relates to: #637

Commencez par lire les implémentations existantes de FastAppend et SnapshotUpdate, puis examinez les fichiers de snapshot, de manifest, de table et de transaction indiqués. Utilisez le replace_partitions_test.cc prévu et son enregistrement dans CMake pour vérifier que le remplacement de partitions, le comportement non partitionné, les métadonnées d’opération et de résumé, ainsi que les nouvelles API de table et de transaction sont couverts.

Rédigé par le modèle d'indexation à partir du texte de l'issue.