[Java] Protobuf Migration from 3.x to 4.x

### Describe the enhancement requested

Some difficulties were experienced in upgrading Protobuf from 3.x to 4.x as documented [here](https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/41854#issuecomment-2151151486). It would be vital to make necessary changes once there is a clear migration path.

### Component(s)

Java

Start with the migration difficulties documented in the linked Apache Arrow discussion and inspect the Java component's current Protobuf 3.x usage. Done means a clear migration path is available and the necessary Java changes for Protobuf 4.x are identified and implemented.

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