[Java][Float16] Add support to the arrow-algorithm module for Float16

### Describe the enhancement requested

The Java support for half floats has been implemented at https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/39681, but it would be helpful if we could extend this support to arrow-algorithm module as well.

### Component(s)

Java

Start by reviewing the existing Java Float16 support referenced in PR 39681, then inspect the arrow-algorithm module for its numeric type handling and tests. Add equivalent Float16 support there and run the module's relevant test suite to verify the enhancement.

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