bug(drag-drop): Failed to execute insertBefore on Node

### Is this a regression?

- [ ] Yes, this behavior used to work in the previous version

### The previous version in which this bug was not present was

_No response_

### Description

When drag and drop is used and data refreshes in background this error can be thrown
```
ERROR DOMException: Failed to execute 'insertBefore' on 'Node': The node before which the new node is to be inserted is not a child of this node.
```

### Reproduction

StackBlitz link: https://stackblitz.com/edit/a9tq3w?file=src%2Fexample%2Fcdk-drag-drop-connected-sorting-example.html
Steps to reproduce:
1. Keep moving first element to the bottom (fast)

### Expected Behavior

Drag and drop should not cause `DOMException`

### Actual Behavior

https://github.com/angular/components/assets/21180501/9e1cee2a-d9e4-4460-a049-74821a66c827

https://github.com/angular/components/assets/21180501/ecaed375-0a32-404b-bbc2-860b58d1fe6d

```
ERROR DOMException: Failed to execute 'insertBefore' on 'Node': The node before which the new node is to be inserted is not a child of this node.
at EmulatedEncapsulationDomRenderer2.insertBefore (/vendor.js:84094:20)
at BaseAnimationRenderer.insertBefore (/vendor.js:17733:19)
at nativeInsertBefore (/vendor.js:50345:12)
at applyToElementOrContainer (/vendor.js:49879:7)
at applyNodes (/vendor.js:50571:9)
at applyView (/vendor.js:50578:3)
at addViewToDOM (/vendor.js:49947:3)
at addLViewToLContainer (/vendor.js:52300:7)
at LiveCollectionLContainerImpl.attach (/vendor.js:63156:5)
at LiveCollectionLContainerImpl.swap (/vendor.js:62667:12)
```

### Environment

Angular CLI: 18.0.2
Node: 18.20.3
Package Manager: yarn 1.22.19
OS: linux x64

Angular: 18.0.1
... animations, common, compiler, compiler-cli, core, forms
... localize, platform-browser, platform-browser-dynamic, router

Package Version
------------------------------------------------------------
@angular-devkit/architect 0.1800.2
@angular-devkit/build-angular 18.0.2
@angular-devkit/core 18.0.2
@angular-devkit/schematics 18.0.2
@angular/cdk 18.0.5
@angular/cli 18.0.2
@angular/material 18.0.5
@angular/material-experimental 18.0.5
@angular/material-moment-adapter 18.0.5
@schematics/angular 18.0.2
rxjs 7.4.0
typescript 5.4.5
zone.js 0.14.6

Bắt đầu với bản tái hiện StackBlitz tại src/example/cdk-drag-drop-connected-sorting-example.html và tái hiện lỗi bằng cách liên tục di chuyển phần tử đầu tiên xuống cuối trong khi dữ liệu được làm mới. Theo dõi quá trình cập nhật kéo-thả qua các stack frame insertBefore và LiveCollection được báo cáo; hoàn tất khi bản tái hiện không còn ném ra DOMException.

Do mô hình lập chỉ mục viết ra từ nội dung của issue.