bug(material/card): The mat-progress-bar overflows when placed in the mat-card-footer

### Is this a regression?

- [ ] Yes, this behavior used to work in the previous version

### The previous version in which this bug was not present was

16

### Description

In the documentation example "Card with footer" (loading bar) the loader is out of bounds.

https://material.angular.io/components/card/examples#card-footer

### Reproduction

StackBlitz link: https://stackblitz.com/edit/pm8knt-rswhv3?file=src%2Fexample%2Fcard-footer-example.html

### Expected Behavior

Content should not extend beyond the borders of the card

### Actual Behavior

when using elements such as picture, progress-bar the corners of the borders are different from the inserted content.

### Environment

- Angular: 17.3.1
- CDK/Material: 17.3.1
- Browser(s): Chrome 123.0.6312.59 (Official Build) (arm64)
- Operating System (e.g. Windows, macOS, Ubuntu): macOS Sonoma 14.4

ドキュメントの例「Card with footer」と、src/example/card-footer-example.html にあるリンク先の StackBlitz 再現から始めます。Angular Material 17.3.1 で mat-progress-bar やその他の footer コンテンツをカードの境界と比較します。ローディングバーと挿入されたコンテンツがカードのボーダー内に収まり、角が一貫していれば完了です。

索引モデルが issue の本文から書いたものです。